这段时间有点急功近利，把每天很多的空闲时间都用在了我的短视频创作上。好久都没有更新这个博客了。今天想着写点有关美越战争和哈以战争中地道战的事情，找了半天也没找到合适的素材。那就直接搬运编程随想大佬的心智模式系列文章充个数吧。这次咱们聊聊心智模式之你是如何看待【成败】的。
文章目录
★先来看几个例子
★为啥人们总是归罪于外部因素？
★什么是【归因理论】？
★【不好】的归因方式
★【好的】归因方式
★总结
★先来看几个例子
先说说程序员的例子。
碰到软件开发的延期问题。每当项目进度 delay，俺如果问相关的当事人为啥会 delay，大都会得到如下的回答：
1. 搞需求的家伙太土鳖了，需求一直都没整明白，老是变来变去的！
2. 搞设计的家伙太傻B了，这种设计根本没法实现嘛！
3. 团队里的其他人太弱了，我被这帮菜鸟拖了后腿！
4. 某某工具/某某语言/某某数据库/某某操作系统太难用了，耽误了不少时间！
5. 测试那帮家伙太没用了，好几个Bug到快发布了才发现，我哪来得及改啊！
6. （还可以列出很多）
从上面这些抱怨，不知大伙儿是否看出一个共同点——都把问题的原因定位在（所依赖的）外部环境中。俺观察了好几年，很少听到哪个开发人员会主动承认 delay 是因为其自身的原因。
除了开发延期，类似的例子还有好多，随手都能举出来：
比如，每当我问某个开发人员，为什么这几年技术没长进，经常听到的回答是“太忙，没有时间学习”。
比如，解放战争片的那句经典台词：“不是我们无能，实在是共军太狡猾”。
比如，项羽临死前的那句：“此天之亡我，非战之罪也”。
★为啥人们总是归罪于外部因素？
为啥在出问题时，人们总是怪罪外部环境因素捏？俺分析了一下，大致有以下几种可能。
◇和心理上的感受有关
如果归罪于自己，会产生一种负疚感，心情肯定会不太爽；而归罪于外部因素，则可以逃避这种负疚感，自我感觉会好一些。
◇和幼年时期的教育有关
比如俺经常注意到这样一个场景。一个学步的小孩，如果不慎撞到了椅子并号啕大哭，他/她的父母经常会一边装作打着椅子，一边哄小孩：“宝宝不哭，是椅子不好，我打它”。如果在童年经常受到这种潜移默化的影响，长大之后，容易有“归罪于外”的倾向。
★什么是【归因理论】？
那么，“归因于外”和“归因于内”，哪一种更好捏？要回答这个问题，先得来说一下心理学的“归因理论”。
归因理论，洋文叫“Attribution Theory”。（维基百科的解释在这里）通俗地说，就是当人们碰到成功或失败的时候，总是会企图去寻求一个原因，以此来解释成功/失败的根源。
通常，人们会找到如下一些原因：自己的能力、自己的努力程度、事情的难易程度、运气的好坏、其他人的帮助/妨碍、其它事情的帮助/妨碍。
对于上述的每一个原因，又分别包含三种属性：来源、稳定性（也叫易变性）、可控性。俺大致解释一下。
◇来源
来源分为外因和内因。“能力”和“努力程度”属于内因，其它属外因。
◇稳定性
稳定性表示这些因素是否会随着时间而变化。
◇可控性
可控性表示这些因素是否能被自我所控制、影响。
至于哪些因素是稳定和可控的，哪些是不稳定/不可控的，就取决于每个人的心智模式了（关于心智模式，接下来几篇接着搬运）。比如大部分人会把“能力”看成是稳定的；把“努力程度”看成是可控的；把“运气”看成是不可控的。
★【不好】的归因方式
前面啰嗦了一大堆，现在要进入正题了。先来批判几种俺觉得不合适的归因方式。
◇失败时，归因于外部（运气、其他人、其它事），且认为外因是不可控的
这种心态很普遍。当你具有这种心态时，不会反省自身的不足。每次失败后都是怨天尤人。因此，即使经历很多次失败，你的能力也始终得不到改进。
◇失败时，归因于能力，且认为能力是稳定的
通常，比较自卑的人容易有这种心态。虽然在每次失败后，都归因于自己能力不足，但由于这种心态把自己的能力看成是稳定的（不可改变的），所以就容易导致破罐子破摔。心想，反正我不行，再努力也没用，不如随便应付了事。心理学上称为“习得性无助”。
◇成功时，归因于能力
比较自信的人，容易有这种心态。每次成功了，都觉得自己特牛。从来不思考自己的成功是否得益于客观条件，是否得益于别人的帮助。结果捏，容易骄傲、盲目自大。而且这种人，也不太注重自身能力的提升。
◇无论成败，皆归因于外部因素，且认为外部因素不可控
具有这种心态的人，会认为自己对环境完全没有办法掌控，只能随波逐流。长此以往，人会变得消极，凡事都无所谓。
★【好的】归因方式
说完了坏的归因方式，最后来说一下，俺认为比较好的归因方式。
◇失败时，归因于能力，且认为能力是不稳定的、可控的
前面说了，失败时归因于自己会产生一种负疚感。由于这种心态认为能力是不稳定的（可变的），可控的，因此在负疚感的刺激下，会产生提高自身能力的动机。所以，这种人就会通过失败来获得能力的提高（俗话说，失败是成功它妈，就是这个道理）。
◇成功时，归因于努力，且认为努力是不稳定的、可控的
如果你具有这种心态，当你成功时，归因于自身的努力，会在内心产生自豪感。下次再做类似的事情，由于有之前成功的记忆，会刺激自己更加努力地完成任务。当你付出的努力更多，则成功的概率会加大，长此以往，就形成了一种良性循环。
★总结
在归因理论里有一个重要的论点：归因会对个体以后的成就和行为产生影响。不同的归因倾向会导致不同的情感体验和情感反应，并由此影响个体对未来结果的预期和努力。所以，咱们要有意识地调整自己看待成败的观点，以利于个人（在心智层面）更好地成长。
先考虑自己的原因
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Spintax Version of the Text:
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